{"id":1630,"date":"2022-11-04T11:16:07","date_gmt":"2022-11-04T14:16:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ims.com.br\/en\/?page_id=1630"},"modified":"2022-11-04T11:16:08","modified_gmt":"2022-11-04T14:16:08","slug":"xingu-contact-qr-code-time-line-001","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ims.com.br\/en\/xingu-contact-qr-code-time-line-001\/","title":{"rendered":"Xingu: contact – Time line"},"content":{"rendered":"

Time line<\/h3>\n
\n\t

c.<\/em> 800<\/strong>
\nBeginnings of habitation in the Upper Xingu in what is today the state of Mato Grosso by peoples of the Arawak linguistic family.<\/p>\n

c.<\/em> 1250<\/strong>
\nIncreased population density, with peoples of the Arawak (Mehinako and Wauj\u00e1) and Karib language families (Kuikuro, Kalapalo, Nafuku\u00e1 and Matipu). Archaeological studies suggest the existence during this period of large settlements interconnected by roadways, with practice of agriculture, canals and bridges, and protected by defensive fortifications.<\/p>\n

c.<\/em> 1650<\/strong>
\nOther peoples arrive in the region such as the Kamaiur\u00e1 and Aweti (of the Tupi language group), Yawalapiti and Trumai.<\/p>\n

c.<\/em> 1720<\/strong>
\nThe gold rush in Mato Grosso attracts prospectors who kidnap and enslave indigenous peoples in the Xingu.<\/p>\n

1884<\/strong>
\nFirst expedition led by German ethnologist Karl von den Steinen arrives in Bakairi communities. They encounter the Trumai who flee in fear of gunshots, and some Khis\u00eatje people.<\/p>\n

1887<\/strong>
\nVon den Steinen\u2019s second expedition reaches people of the Nafuku\u00e1, Kuikuro, Mehinako, Aweti, Wauj\u00e1, Yawalapiti, Kamaiur\u00e1 and Trumai peoples. Member of the team, Paul Ehrenreich takes the first known photographs of the Xingu.<\/p>\n

1896<\/strong>
\nExpedition of German anthropologist Hermann Meyer.<\/p>\n

1899<\/strong>
\nMeyer\u2019s second expedition, with ethnologist Theodor Koch-Gr\u00fcnberg.<\/p>\n

1900<\/strong>
\nGerman ethnologist Max Schmidt observes that the Bakairi are travelling away from the Upper Xingu to obtain industrialized goods from farms. Contact with non-indigenous people spreads flu and measles, reducing the population considerably.<\/p>\n

1910<\/strong>
\nCreation of the Servi\u00e7o de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o ao \u00cdndio (SPI) [Service for the Protection of Indians], directed by Marshal C\u00e2ndido Rondon. Leading the commission that installed electricity lines throughout the interior of the country from 1907, Rondon defended the integration of indigenous peoples, following the motto \u201cDie if need be. Never kill.\u201d<\/p>\n

1924<\/strong>
\nRondon Commission arrives in the Upper Xingu. Cinematographer for the expedition, Major Thomaz Reis captures the first moving images in the region.<\/p>\n

People of the Kuikuro, Kalapalo, Matipu and Nafuku\u00e1 start going with increasing frequency to the Sim\u00e3o Lopes post where the Bakairi had lived in order to obtain goods. On these journeys Narru Kuikuro learns the Portuguese language.<\/p>\n

1925<\/strong>
\nEnglish Colonel Percy Fawcett disappears in the Xingu while searching for a supposed lost civilization in the region.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>
\nGet\u00falio Vargas creates the Expedi\u00e7\u00e3o Roncador-Xingu (ERX) [Roncador-Xingu Expedition] and the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Brasil Central (FBC) [Central Brazil Foundation], as part of a plan to occupy the country\u2019s interior, known as the March to the West. Brothers Orlando, Cl\u00e1udio and Leonardo Villas B\u00f4as join the expedition, which leaves in August from Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais.<\/p>\n

1944-45<\/strong>
\nSPI expeditions produce newsreels about the Upper Xingu. At this time, major epidemics break out causing many deaths among local people.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>
\nERX crosses the Mortes River and makes the first contact with the Xavante.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong>
\nERX arrives in the Upper Xingu and contacts the Kalapalo, Trumai, Kuikuro, Yawalapiti, Nafuku\u00e1 and Matipu.<\/p>\n

1947<\/strong>
\nContact with the Kamaiur\u00e1.<\/p>\n

1949<\/strong>
\nOrlando Villas B\u00f4as takes on leadership of the ERX. Contact with the Kawaiwet\u00e9.<\/p>\n

1952<\/strong>
\nCommission presents a call for the creation of the Xingu National Park to the federal government. The document is written by Darcy Ribeiro and approved by Rondon.<\/p>\n

1953<\/strong>
\nContact with the M\u1ebdtyktire (Kayap\u00f3).<\/p>\n

1954<\/strong>
\nPresident Get\u00falio Vargas visits the Xingu to inaugurate the Cachimbo Base, of the Brazilian Air Force.<\/p>\n

The Captain Vasconcelos Post is founded, the hub for SPI activity in the Upper Xingu.<\/p>\n

SPI reveals that more than 6 million hectares of land protected by demarcation had been transferred to realtors.<\/p>\n

1960<\/strong>
\nContact with the Khis\u00eatje.<\/p>\n

1961<\/strong>
\nDecree from President J\u00e2nio Quadros establishes the Xingu National Park, later renamed Parque Ind\u00edgena do Xingu (PIX) [Xingu Indigenous Park]. The demarcated area is ten times smaller than proposed in the original plans.<\/p>\n

Leonardo Villas B\u00f4as dies. The Captain Vasconcelos Post is renamed in his memory.<\/p>\n

1964<\/strong>
\nContact with the Ikpeng in the region of the Jatob\u00e1 and Batovi rivers, tributaries of the Xingu River.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>
\nThe Ikpeng are transferred to the PIX when their ancestral land is invaded by miners.<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong>
\nSPI is closed and replaced by the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional do \u00cdndio (Funai) [National Indian Foundation].<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>
\nTerritorial area of the PIX is expanded.<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong>
\nPlan for National Integration created by the dictatorship proposes the construction of Transamazonian, BR-80 and BR-163 highways.<\/p>\n

Persecuted and afflicted by disease in their territory in Mato Grosso, the Tapayuna are relocated to the PIX.<\/p>\n

1971<\/strong>
\nThe BR-80 highway is opened. It cuts through the PIX leaving most of the M\u1ebdtyktire territory outside of the demarcated area.<\/p>\n

1973<\/strong>
\nFirst contact with the Panar\u00e1.<\/p>\n

The Statute of the Indian is enacted.<\/p>\n

The first school for formal education in the PIX is created at the Leonard Post, with non-indigenous teachers.<\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>
\nPanar\u00e1 are relocated to the PIX but do not adapt.<\/p>\n

Agriculturalists found the cities of Canarana and \u00c1gua Boa, Mato Grosso, to the south of the PIX.<\/p>\n

1978<\/strong>
\nTimber merchants occupy the region that goes on to become the municipality of Feliz Natal, Mato Grosso, to the west of the PIX.<\/p>\n

1979<\/strong>
\nSale of urban and rural lots accelerates in the region that eventually becomes the city of Ga\u00facha do Norte, Mato Grosso, to the south of the PIX.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong>
\nKawaiwet\u00e9 hijack a plane as a protest aimed at receiving better treatment from Funai.<\/p>\n

Born in a Xavante community, M\u00e1rio Juruna becomes the first indigenous person to be elected a federal deputy in Brazil.<\/p>\n

1984<\/strong>
\nLed by Raoni, the M\u1ebdtyktire protest for the demarcation of their territory, granted in the same year as Capoto\/Jarina IT, in the state of Mato Grosso.<\/p>\n

Nephew of Raoni, Megaron Txukaham\u00e3e is named director of PIX, the first indigenous person to take on the role.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>
\nNew Constitution is enacted with a chapter dedicated to indigenous rights: \u201cIndians are recognized for their social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions, and their original rights over the lands they traditionally occupy\u201d.<\/p>\n

1989<\/strong>
\nFirst Meeting of Indigenous Peoples of the Xingu takes place in Altamira, Par\u00e1, against the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric power station in the region of the Xingu River known as Volta Grande. The project has been planned since the dictatorship.<\/p>\n

1994<\/strong>
\nThe Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Terra Ind\u00edgena do Xingu (ATIX) [Indigenous Land Association of the Xingu] is founded. Representing the peoples that inhabit the territory, ATIX is responsible for territorial management, areas of transport, health and education, and economic and cultural projects.<\/p>\n

1995<\/strong>
\nThe Panar\u00e1 return to their traditional territory, approved as Panar\u00e1 IT, Par\u00e1 and Mato Grosso.<\/p>\n

1997<\/strong>
\nFirst audiovisual workshop for indigenous people as part of the V\u00eddeo nas Aldeias project at the Diauarum Post, in the Xingu.<\/p>\n

2001<\/strong>
\nThe Khis\u00eatje return to their traditional territory, approved as Wawi IT, Mato Grosso.<\/p>\n

2004<\/strong>
\nConflict as a result of the hydroelectric construction on the Culuene River.<\/p>\n

2011<\/strong>
\nThe Dilma Rousseff government reinitiates the Belo Monte hydroelectric project and construction begins at Volta Grande do Xingu.<\/p>\n

2013<\/strong>
\nFirst meeting of the Rede Xingu+ in Altamira, with representatives from indigenous communities, riverine populations and institutions throughout the Xingu basin.<\/p>\n

2015<\/strong>
\nFirst generation of high school graduates of the Ikpeng people with indigenous teachers.<\/p>\n

2016<\/strong>
\nBelo Monte power station is inaugurated bringing devastation to the Xingu River and the region of Altamira.<\/p>\n

Demarcation of the Pequizal of Naruv\u00f4tu which, together with the PIX and the Wawi and Batovi ITs, forms the Xingu Indigenous Territory (MT), with a population of more than 6 thousand people from 16 ethnicities.<\/p>\n

2018<\/strong>
\nJair Bolsonaro is elected president with the promise of paralyzing the demarcation of indigenous territories throughout Brazil.<\/p>\n

2021<\/strong>
\nOn the 60th anniversary of the first demarcation, the Xingu faces advancing deforestation in the Amazon, encouraged by the Bolsonaro government, while fires spread on an unprecedented scale fought by indigenous Ibama-trained firefighters.<\/p>\n

2022<\/strong>
\nGraduation of the first generation of high school students of the Yudj\u00e1 people, taught by indigenous teachers.<\/p>\n

Elected president for the third time, Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva commits to the creation of a Ministry of Indigenous Peoples.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

c. 800 Beginnings of habitation in the Upper Xingu in what is today the state of Mato Grosso by peoples of the Arawak linguistic family. c. 1250 Increased population density, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1630","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nXingu: contact - Time line - Instituto Moreira Salles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ims.com.br\/en\/xingu-contact-qr-code-time-line-001\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Xingu: contact - Time line - Instituto Moreira Salles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"c. 800 Beginnings of habitation in the Upper Xingu in what is today the state of Mato Grosso by peoples of the Arawak linguistic family. c. 1250 Increased population density, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ims.com.br\/en\/xingu-contact-qr-code-time-line-001\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Instituto Moreira Salles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-04T14:16:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ims.com.br\/en\/xingu-contact-qr-code-time-line-001\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ims.com.br\/en\/xingu-contact-qr-code-time-line-001\/\",\"name\":\"Xingu: contact - 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